[12] Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded.[13] Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life.[14] His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. Alexander III (1845-1894) was the father of Nicholas II and the second-last Romanov tsar of Russia. Navigate St. Petersburgs dining scene and find restaurants to remember. The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property". His teacher instilled in the young man a zeal for Russian Orthodox thought which would influence many of his decisions once he became the emperor. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. Title: Tsar Alexander III The four-meter monument by Russian sculptor Andrey Kovalchuk depicts Alexander III sitting on a stump, his stretched arms resting on a sabre. However, according to contemporaries, having seen the horrors of battle first hand, Alexander developed a loathing for war. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. His Father, Alexander II was within hours of granting the country its first constitution. [citation needed] Girs was an architect of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891, which was later expanded into the Triple Entente with the addition of Great Britain. Together, Alexander III and Empress Marie had five children. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. Kate Middleton, 41, paid a subtle tribute to the Queen yesterday as she donned a replica of the late monarch's brooch for a St David's Day Parade. 1871), Xenia (b. Author of. Also Known As: Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov, siblings: Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, children: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, See the events in life of Alexander III Of Russia in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQidSbLmRLM, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvRHs0X7RCw. He inherited the throne from his father, Alexander II, who was assassinated by an organisation called Narodnaya Volya. During the first 20 years of his life, Alexander had no prospect of succeeding to the throne. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. To his credit he stabilized the Russian government and maintained peace with his European and Asian neighbors. [citation needed] These sentiments would resurface during 18751879, when the Eastern question excited Russian society. 1875), Michael (b. [26] They banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and shtetls (even within the Pale of Settlement) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage.[27][28]. It was only in the last years of his reign, especially after the accession of William II as German emperor in 1888, that Alexander adopted a more hostile attitude toward Germany. Immediately after ascending the throne, Alexander promulgated a manifesto entitled "On the Inviolability of Autocracy." One can only imagine the rage he, his wife and children felt as they watched the Tsar bleed and die in a St Petersburg palace. This Russian Revolution site contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in Russia between 1891 and 1927. Initially, Alexander refused to travel to Copenhagen because he wanted to marry Maria. Alexanders decision-making was supported by his old tutor Pobedonoststev, who continued to provide him with advice during his reign. He limited the title of grand duke and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors. Polunov, A. Iu. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov or Alexander III ( III ) (March 10, 1845 - November 1, 1894) was the Emperor (Tsar) of Russia from March 14, 1881 until his death on November 1, 1894. Their second child, George, was born in 1871 followed by Xenia (1871), Michael (1878) and Olga (1882). After leaving Livadia on 6 November and traveling to St. Petersburg by way of Moscow, his remains were interred on 18 November at the Peter and Paul Fortress, with his funeral being attended by numerous foreign relatives, including King Christian IX of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and Duke of York, and Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his daughter-in-law to be, Alix of Hesse, and her brother, Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse. His opinions are utterly childish. In the other provinces he clipped the feeble wings of the zemstvo (an elective local administration resembling the county and parish councils in England) and placed the autonomous administration of the peasant communes under the supervision of landed proprietors appointed by the government. born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by, title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne, title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, international relations of Russian society, Queen-consort Alexandra of the United Kingdom, Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya, Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv141649s?turn_away=true, "ALEXANDER III., ALEXANDROVICH, Emperor of Russia - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "Die Judenverfolgung in Ruland in der Krnungswoche", "Putin unveils monument to Russia's Tsar Alexander III in Crimea", Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Alexander Mikhailovich, "The Royal Role Model: Historical Revisionism in Russia", "Unveiling of monument to Emperor Alexander III", Russian Imperial Army - Emperor Alexander III of Russia, "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Lopold", Staatshandbcher fr das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha, The Royal TouristKalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London, "Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr III Nikolajevitsj", "Troca de Decoraes entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rssia", "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisn de oro", Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_III_of_Russia&oldid=1142174685, Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (18771878), Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia), Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class, Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class, Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class, Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog, Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William, Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania, Recipients of the Pour le Mrite (military class), Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles, Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Articles with self-published sources from November 2021, Articles with self-published sources from January 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Alexander III was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. ", Etty, John. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Michael McConnell, Steve Thompson [citation needed] These ideas conflicted with those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the Slavophiles and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance. Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1907-1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1917, Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1918-1924, Russian Revolution memory quiz revolutionaries, Russian Revolution memory quiz tsarists, Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (I), Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (II), Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1906 to 1913, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1914 to 1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events to 1905, a statement asserting his belief in unshakable autocracy. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (49 years old). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The efforts of Prince Alexander and afterwards of Stambolov to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms. In such policies Alexander III followed the advice of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who retained control of the Church in Russia through his long tenure as Procurator of the Holy Synod (from 1880 to 1905) and who became tutor to Alexander's son and heir, Nicholas. Polunov, A. Iu. Emperors, Former Emperor of all Russia, Kings, Historical Personalities, Emperors & Kings, Leaders, Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, Russian Orthodox Church, Eastern Christianity. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached Constantinople and the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the Congress of Berlin. The reign of Alexander III began in tragedy. As a result, Alexander relocated his family to the Gatchina Palace, located 30 kilometres (20mi) south of St. Petersburg. His political legacy represented a direct challenge to the European cultural order set forth by German statesman Otto von Bismarck, intermingling Russian influences with the shifting balances of power. Most of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen autocracy. Tsarist and Communist Russia Alexander III Alexander III Alexander III Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War The young Grand Duke was greatly influenced by his tutor Constantine Petrovich Pobedonostsev who instilled into him conservative fundamentals of autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationalism that were required to govern the Russian Empire. [16] After his father's assassination, he reflected that his father's marriage to Catherine had caused the tragedy: All the scum burst out and swallowed all that was holy. History is blessed with perfect hindsight. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas, Alexander proposed to Dagmar. "[40] When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you. He is from Russia. [60] On 21 October, Alexander received Nicholas's fiance, Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, who had come from her native Darmstadt to receive the Tsar's blessing. Russia's hopes for a constitution also died that day. Construction began on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Xenia and Olga were able to escape Russia along with their mother during the Revolution. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, Professor of Economics, Columbia University, 195663. One cannot fault Alexander's reaction to his father's death. The Tsar attempted to act as an arbiter in European conflicts and to ensure peaceful resolutions. Alexander III of Russiais the 208thmost popular politician(up from 244th in 2019), the 28thmost popular biography from Russia(up from 34th in 2019)and the 12thmost popular RussianPolitician. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. He also forbade morganatic marriages, as well as those outside of the Orthodoxy.[22]. Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise. Liberals do not By Jer Clifton on March 1, 2023 . Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II (for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. Get around in comfort with a chauffeured car or van to suit your budget and requirements. An account from the memoirs of the artist Alexander Benois gives one impression of Alexander III: After a performance of the ballet Tsar Kandavl at the Mariinsky Theatre, I first caught sight of the Emperor. In fact, it turned out that the new Emperor did not share the views of his deceased father and was glad to negate many of the latter's liberal reforms. Biography. He gloried in the idea of being of the same rough texture as the great majority of his subjects. In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). Alexander's father, Alexander II, was assassinated by members of the extremist organization Narodnaya Volya. He came down with nephritis (kidney disease), suffered from headaches, lost his appetite and lost weight. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [February 26, Old Style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russiadied November 1 [October 20, Old Style], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born in the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, the second son of Tsar Alexander II. Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. However when his brother Nicolas was in his deathbed, he asked Alexander to marry his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Biography. Born as the second son of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia, it was unlikely that he would succeed his father as the emperor. Their marriage was a happy one with no known infidelity. Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) [1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. See Alexander III Of Russia's spouse, children, sibling and parent names. Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. That alliance brought France out of diplomatic isolation, and moved Russia from the German orbit to a coalition with France, one that was strongly supported by French financial assistance to Russia's economic modernisation. On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. (Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the Old Style Calendar), married 16 November 1916, Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky (18811958); had two children. Alexander Iii is a famous Emperor who has a net worth of $1-2 million. The crown passed to his son, Nicholas, who Alexander had privately expressed was unsuited for leadership. The Tsar's inability or unwillingness to prepare his son Nicholas at an early age to rule as absolute autocrat further exacerbated the future events that would sweep over his Empire. In 1994, it was again put on public display, although in a different place in front of the Marble Palace. Alexander III of Russia, Tsar of Russia, was born 10 March 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) and Maria von Hessen und bei Rhein (1824-1880) and died 1 November 1894 Livadia Palace Livadiya, Russia of nephritis. He had no idea that the causes he cared for and the means at which he obtained them would cause the eventual destruction of the way of life and government he cherished so deeply. His older brother, Nicholas, was the heir apparent, and Alexander, in the family tradition, was groomed for a military career. However, during a trip to Europe, Nicholas unexpectedly fell ill with meningitis and died in Nice, and Alexander, to his own surprise, became heir to the throne. In order to achieve this goal, he implemented a stringent policy of Russification of national minorities. Lacking the sophistication and refinement generally associated with men of royal lineage, Alexander III prided himself on being rough and unrefined. He was a loving father and devoted husband. This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms" (Russian: ). In disposition he bore little resemblance to his softhearted impressionable father and still less to his refined, chivalrous, yet complex granduncle Alexander I. Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. Being the second son, it was believed that he had little prospect of succeeding the throne. Imperial Hunting at Byelovvyezh in 1912, 1917 Interview with Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Eyewitness Report of Party for Rasputin by Vecchi, Grand Duchess Olga - 16th Birthday at Livadia, Murder of Prime Minister Stolypin in Kiev 1911, God in All Things - the Religious Beliefs of Russia's Last Empress, On Nicholas II, his Character and his Duties, Religious Character of Alexandra Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Cyril (Victoria Melita) by Meriel Buchannan, Grand Duchess Elizabeth by Meriel Buchanan, Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse by Meriel Buchannan, The Icon of our Lady of the Sign - Znamenskaya, The Feodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God, Anastasia and the Discussion of Survivors. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. At a time when the Russian government should have begun adjusting itself to the changing realities of the 19th Century, Alexander instead clung to and strengthened the autocracy. Height: in centimeters - N/A: Weight: in kg - N/A: Eye Color: N/A: Hair Color: N/A: Blood Type: N/A: Tattoo(s) N/A: Alexander III of Russia. "[49], Each summer his parents-in-law, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [52] Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia if they did not leave immediately. Alexander III was born in Saint Petersburg on March 10, 1845. As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. "[44] He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby"[45] when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. Alexander would get married and have a son named Nicholas. [7] His wife once convinced him to go on a carriage ride with her. Both the horse and rider were sculpted in massive form, leading to the nickname of "hippopotamus". These laws encouraged open anti-Jewish sentiment and dozens of pogroms across the western part of the empire. [38] Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the Anichkov Palace, as opposed to the Winter Palace. Great majority of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen Autocracy. articles from Britannica for! 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