Soldiers in the Late Roman army adopted many customs and habits of the Germanic tribes they fought, including a battle cry they called barritus. In his work Germania, the historian Tacitus described this martial growl as marked by a harsh tone and hoarse murmur. Soldiers would put their shields before their mouths, in order to make the voice swell fuller and deeper as it echoes back. According to Tacitus, the goal of the barritus was to kindle courage in the Roman soldiers hearts, while striking fear into those of their enemies. The downside was that that water did not always smell that good.and that is where the wine and the vinegar came into play. The evocative and virilephrase Awaken Iron! coupled with the sword-sparking ritual, makes this my favorite battle cry on the list. Before battle, the Vikings would often invoke their warrior gods to give them the strength and power to defeat their enemies. Several possible sources exist. Official websites use .gov The consuls had the power to recruit troops, but in the last years of the Republic, provincial governors were replacing troops without the approval of the consuls. This period began around the 8th century BC with the founding of the Italian city of Rome. To keep alive their memory, and perhaps to summon the power of their brave forebearers, these men would shout out Usuthu! during battle. Disbandment was probably used for mutiny by a legion. The source in question is a part of Caesars Gallic War*, a book that Caius Julius Caesar himself wrote to inform the Roman Senate about how the war in Gaul was going. It began like the part-time Greek army, with farmers returning to their fields after a quick summer campaign. By the time of Augustus, a century had 80 men. Each man was expected to carry his own food and when camp was made, a soldier would grind his wheat into flour . It wasnt unusual for long-term soldiers to mutiny. Sometimes Romans were able to cut off the water supply. Disclaimer: This post contains affiliate links that are identifiable by the *. Because of that water was often transported in barrels. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. But does that really prove that Roman soldiers didn`t like to eat a diet that mostly consisted of meat? According to 19th century historian Rev. Wheat was preferred over barley and the Roman legions were provided with much more wheat than barley. In 1879, the British army fought the Zulus in what is now South Africa. Gill, N.S. One other quirk of the Roman army is that legions might be transferred to a different region and this became more common during the later years of the Roman Empire. The first thing to consider is that this would change over time; Rome existed for over 800 years, leading to a changes over time. Surrender was viewed as the epitome of cowardice, and warriors who . The army at this time, was made up of maniples which were small units of 120 men in each. They would also share one tent. Rituals before battle. R.W. During the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877, Lakota war chief Crazy Horse is said to have exhorted his warriors to fight the U.S. Army by exclaiming Hokahey! N.S. To encourage Japanese soldiers to fight to the death rather than surrender to the enemy, the Japanese government romanticized suicide attacks by harkening to the ancient honor code of the samurai the Bushido. Auxiliaries (non-citizen natives) enlisted for 25 years. Program, Strengthen Your Tribe: A Report on the Atomic Athlete Vanguard, The Best Riddles for Kids (With Answers! It lasted so long he instituted pay for the soldiers for the first time. The diet of a Roman soldier consisted of wheat (he got 66 pounds per month), rations of smoked bacon or fresh meat, vegetables, cheese, vinegar, olive oil, and wine. A height of 1.75 meters or more (roughly 5'7). Romans were very superstitious. Every month entailed special training exercises like the following. Viking kings and commanders would thus emulate the Allfather by having one warrior throw a spear over their enemies heads, while the rest of the troops yelled: Odin owns you all! (A thousand years later, Viking metal band Einherjer would use this battle cry for the title of their 1998 album, Odin Owns Ye All. 37 East 7th Street, New York, NY 10003, United States. Figure, notes, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). As long ago as 400 B.C., Scythian archers dipped their arrows in feces and putrefying corpses. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The literary passages are ambiguous, but clearly, the Roman soldier, of at least the Imperial period, did eat meat and probably with regularity. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. During the First Crusade, Christian soldiers would shout Deus Vult! God Wills It! as they fought Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The Mackay slogan (the clan that I descended from) is Bratach Bhan Chlann Aoidh, meaning The White Banner of Mackay. Its in reference to the white battle flag that Ian Aberach carried when he led the Mackays at the Battle of DrumnaCoub in 1433. Augustus increased the time of service from six to 20 years for legionaries. In these early days, soldiers were divided into five social classes, based on personal wealth. The Roman soldiers, or legionaries, became the top dogs in heavy . If the roar doesnt work to stave off the fight, well, hopefully it was fierce enough to instill some fear into ones foe, leading him to struggle less fiercely and submit sooner, rather than later. The closest enemy was hastati, then principes, and finally triarii. The image of the ancient Roman soldier calls to mind bronze and iron helmets with bright red plumage; body armor of metal strips knitted together; heavy iron shields and imposing swords; and (for officers) flowing cloaks. Before important events, especially before the battles and military expeditions, sacrifices were made to ensure the favor of the gods and signs were read. As historian Dean Miller notes in his book The Epic Hero, If the human voicecarries the proof of intelligence and therefore of a living vitality specific to humanity, the warriors shout announces a retrograde act, moving back or down into animality or even into the inanimate (a drumbeat, the sound of the sea).. Once a troop fulfills their service commitment, they can be honorably discharged or reenlist the choice is theirs. ThoughtCo, Sep. 9, 2021, thoughtco.com/did-roman-soldiers-eat-meat-120634. Davies in "The Roman Military Diet," published in "Britannia," in 1971, argues on the basis of his reading of history, epigraphy, and archaeological finds that Roman soldiers throughout the Republic and Empire ate meat. Just as Roman soldiers were supposed to dislike meat, so too they were supposed to detest beer; considering it far inferior to their native Roman wine. They were taken from their homelands, away from their families and friends and expected to defend provinces in far extremes of the empire. Scottish clans were very similar to Greek city-states in the fluidity of their relationships. "The Roman Army of the Roman Republic." The Roman legionaries were Roman soldiers. Before battle, the Vikings would often invoke their warrior gods to give them the strength and power to defeat their enemies. What was a roman soldiers daily tasks? There are three major types of strategy that the Romans used in combat and a senator named Frontius put them to record. In addition to these typical fighting ranks or Roman troops, there were also a unit of the Roman army dedicated to the gathering of intelligence and the protection of the Roman Emperor. Even the navys fleets were armed with artillery to soften up other ships prior to boarding for melee. By the way, the costs of the diet were deducted from the pay of the soldier. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/roman-army-of-the-roman-republic-120904. A first cohort centurion received 27,000 denarii while a primi ordines (senior centurion) received 54,000 denarii. Another source of fat was olive oil, which together with wheat and wine is seen as one of the staples of the ancient Mediterranean diet! Numerous sources tell us that many Roman Legionnaires were able bakers and cooks. Even today, soldiers and fighters continue to yell and shout when engaging with the enemy. Battle of Teutoburg Forest (9 CE) - One of Roman Empire's Worst Defeats Your centurion would issue a command and, along with the rest of your centuriae, you would form into four ranks and face your enemy across the battlefield. While the enemy was trying to defend against the flying javelins, you were ordered to charge. Soldiers were responsible for preparing their meals. In war, a soldier who violated or failed to carry out the general's order could be punished by death, even if the action had been advantageous to the army. Before Marius, recruitment was limited to citizens enrolled in the top 5 Roman classes. Spartan soldiers were expected to fight without fear and to the last man. Here you can find more information on if Alexander really conquered the part of the world that we today call India. When Augustus was emperor, the imperial army contained: The Marian reforms led to a dramatic increase in the armys size. As a common soldier, you would be part of a cohort, a unit of approximately 500 men which consisted of six centuriae. Having more wealth meant you could buy more and this helped to determine your role in the army. There are several explanations as to the origins of this cry it may have come from a movie or a song from that time that bore the name. Tu Quoque - Ad Hominem Fallacy That You Did It Too, Who the Roman Consuls Were and How They Ruled Rome, Caesar's Role in the Collapse of the Roman Republic, Vocabulary Related to How Food Tastes and Food Preparation, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. Rome was in a very pronounced spell of expansion by now, and since soldiers were usually fighting hundreds or even thousands of miles from home, they usually served for far longer than their minimum requirement. The Japanese experimented on prisoners with plague, cholera, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, the effects of frostbite, and even some sexually transmitted diseases. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. But even here R.W. Davies argues that there is evidence from the Republican period of Roman history for meat consumption by soldiers: "When Scipio reintroduced military discipline to the army at Numantia in 134 B.C., he ordered that the only way the troops could eat their meat was by roasting or boiling it." Answer (1 of 5): No, generally on campaign food would be short and pretty boring . The first great siege war was waged by Camillus against the Veii. When the men started making practice parachute drops, they would yell Geronimo! as they jumped from the plane. N.S. The gladius was a short, two-sided sword used during the late Roman Republic and much of the Roman Empire. Another common Viking battle cry was simply yelling out Tyr! the name of the god of war. But they were expected, also, to build roads and bridges, to clear forests and to build walls. It was also employed by Sikh warriors as a battle cry. Bacon was another important part of the Roman diet since it provided the soldier with both fat and a lot of calories. That might explain why Caesar felt like he had to point out that even though his men ate mostly meat it did not come to any rebellions. Romans generally saw the habit of drinking pure wine as barbaric. The basic tenets of this oath boiled down to the following five points. Once chaos reigned through the enemy ranks, you knew it is time to finish them off, and this is where most of the killing occurred as you butchered fleeing barbarians. The more money you had, the better equipment you could afford and the higher ranking you would attain. Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War developed a uniquely terrifying battle cry to intimidate their enemy and boost their own morale. At its largest, the Roman Empire stretched from the Persian Gulf, to the borders of Scotland, from. Men were assigned to stand watch and look over the others, the gear, and the animals hauling the heavy equipment. Roman Soldiers Ate (and Perhaps Drank) Mostly Grain, Republican and Imperial Soldiers Were Probably Not That Different, Lack of Refrigeration Meant Summer Meat Would Have Spoiled, Soldiers Could Carry More Protein Power in Meat Than Grain. How were they maintained? So, in many ways, the typical Roman infantryman was a lot like the ground pounders of today only they were stuck in the suck for longer. The 8 men of each contubernium would not only fight close to each other but would also perform daily tasks like preparing meals together. The contubernium (=tenting together) was the smallest unit of the Roman army consisting of 8 legionaries and can roughly be equated with a modern-day squad. First of all, I will briefly look at the history of the Roman army up until the Republic became an Empire. By 6 AD, the initial length of service had increased to 20 years (from 16), and it was increased to 25 years by the middle of the first century AD. Perhaps the most famous Indian battle cry comes from the Lakota Sioux. According to Norse mythology, in the very first war in the world, Odin flung a spear over the entire host gathered for battle. But let`s now look at the different types of food a Roman soldier would eat in more detail. At the end of each grueling march, soldiers set up camp to get some rest. R.W. It was subsequently shoutedby Muslim soldiers during the Crusades. Of them, most were poor men with little-to-no life prospects due to being born into a family of low standing. As they ran towards enemy fire, theyd scream Tenno Heika Banzai! Long live the Emperor! Kamikaze pilots were said to have yelled the same thing as they flew their planes into enemy warships. Instead of focusing on any particular time period of history, we explore anything about the past that helps our readers understand the world they live in today. Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West. Davies is not saying the Roman soldiers were primarily meat-eaters. Maybe this is too simplistic. There were also about 300 cavalry attached to a legion. As Rome moved from Republic to Empire after Augustus all but became Emperor after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, its army became larger and more powerful. You even see battle cries on football and rugby fields. Many young Romans joined the army at the age of 18. Generals liked their men t. A lock ( It might be argued that the information about Roman soldiers of the Imperial period is irrelevant for the earlier Republican period. It should also be noted that the minimum wealth requirements in the ancient world, were twice lowered before the Reforms-down to 4,000 asses beginning with the Punic Wars and further lowered to 1,500 asses in 140 BCE. The army provided a steady source of income, food, and doctors. H.J. But archaeologists have found additional food at several Roman army camps that suggest that soldiers, especially officers, could also buy finer imported ingredients like coriander, oysters, or even pepper that was imported from India. French and other nationalities to the north had known only soft cheese that required hasty eating to avoid rotting. That said, there were a few qualities that were prized in potential recruits. Notably the ancient Roman soldiers, are called "soldiers", not warriors like their enemies. On this day, you faced enemies with archers. A common misconception about the diet of Roman soldiers that at first glance might even be backed up by some sources is that Roman soldiers rarely ate meat. Fish and poultry were also popular, the latter especially for the sick. Ei! to which the samurai would respond with Oh! Then all hell would be unleashed on the enemy. What about the bodies beneath those vestments? Leather Armor in the Middle Ages Fact or Fiction?! Over time it morphed into Oorah!. It was a consist struggle to survive in a cutthroat world that was all about expanding the Roman Empire. Right before a battle, the daimyo, or warlord, would raise his signaling flag and shout Ei! Neither temporary military camps nor long-term Roman army bases had any sort of refectories or big kitchens in which the meals could be prepared for the entire legion. The mounted barbarians slaughtered approximately two-thirds of the Roman army, including Emperor Valens. Perhaps the Roman soldiers weren't opposed to a daily meat-centered meal. As a Roman soldier, you wore specific armor and a helmet and were armed with a throwing spear called a pilum and a short sword for stabbing called a gladius which was strapped to your waist. They also used catapults to hurl missiles inside. The lowest tier of soldier, designated as Class V, only needed a sling, sling stones and a javelin. Infantrymen would earn 300 denarii each year while their auxiliary counterparts would only earn one-third of this amount. Davies brings this assumption into question when he says a discharged Germanic soldier set himself up to supply the Roman military with beer near the end of the first century. That had the benefit that the soldier would not get drunk and that the flavor of the wine would cover up the taste of water that was not completely fresh. But more on the general question of if Roman soldiers really ate meat in the following paragraph. But what did Roman soldiers eat? Surrender in battle was the ultimate disgrace. Stories of a single modern Gurkha warrior stopping a robbery and saving a girl from rape by taking on 40 thieves at the same time have buttressed this reputation; their use of the traditional, badass khukuri knife hasnt hurt it either. This chapter contains a brief history of biological warfare. The so-called Principate period of the Imperial Roman army was probably its peak. Just before the beginning of World War II, the United States, Canada, and Great Britain cooperated in BW research and development. Crossword Clue. Every day you were setting out to leave the area entailed eating breakfast, cleaning up the area, training and then breaking down camp before marching to the next leg of a campaign and would conclude with building the night camp, having another meal and sleeping. When smoked that bacon would also be much easier to transport than for example olive oil that had to be transported in either barrels or amphorae that were made of clay and obviously much more fragile than a piece of smoked bacon. (2021, September 9). Broken beef bones suggest the extraction of marrow for soup. Leading up to their historic D-Day parachute jump into France, the men of the 101st Airborne Division were whipped into tip-top shape at Camp Toccoa in Georgia. Today, of course, the phrase has become infamous in the West for its use in terrorist attacks. By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy, MIGHTY NETWORKS, 2023 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, Fast X trailer teases first of final two Fast films. A Soldier's Life in theRoman Army in Britain. Gill, N.S. If your word "Roman soldier" has any anagrams, you can find them with our anagram solver or at this Remember how I wrote that Romans liked pork but held beef in low esteem? Each legion consisted of about 6,000 men and a large number of auxiliaries. A legatus, supported by six military tribunes, led a legion, composed of 10 cohorts. The leader of the century was the centurion. Gaius Marius often receives credit for the innovations, and while he was heavily involved, he probably finalized the changes rather than implementing them in the first place. After the Marian Reforms, the face of the Roman soldier may have been quite varied due to a combination of the empire's willingness to grant anyone citizenship and the empire's continuing growth into other countries. The regimen began with marching and evolved into knowing how to fight, how to handle and care for weaponry and memorizing drills to get into different formations. In addition to wheat, bacon, and the other basic foods Roman soldiers also got rations of wine and vinegar. In this article, however, I will focus on the battlefield experience of the Imperial Roman Army which was formed by Augustus in 30 BC and lasted until 284 AD when it became classified as the Late Roman Army. Dominating the camp was 1,740 foot Mount Currahee a Cherokee word that means stands alone. Part of the paratroopers conditioning included hikes and runs up and down its slopes. Upon succeeding in battle, cavalry would rush down fleeing troops, prisoners might be claimed and the dead would be stripped of weaponry and valuables. For these ancient troops, a full loadout consisted of body armor, a gladius (sword), a scutum (shield), and two pilum (spears). The same goes for mixing vinegar with water. A key aspect of the Roman attack plan was to keep the formation as tight as possible although there were gaps between cohorts to allow men to move if necessary. You really do. Roman body of soldiers. Your goal was to kill an enemy, step into the gap and force a break in their formation. In one passage Caesar describes how his army was running so low on grains that his soldiers had to search the close villages for animals that could be gathered and slaughtered. When you are one of thousands of men, it is difficult to determine where you were going. In other ways, however, things were very much the same. I n the Roman army, a soldier's life was hard and tough even for the most resilient men. Roman soldiers were definitely eating meat although the meat was only an addition to a diet that was mainly built around wheat. The West for its use in terrorist attacks runs up and down its slopes another part! Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center TFSC... Water did not always smell that good.and that is where the wine and other. Riddles for Kids ( with Answers soldiers and fighters continue to yell and shout engaging... Earn 300 denarii each year while their before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword counterparts would only earn one-third of this oath down! For Kids ( with Answers up of maniples which were small units before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword 120 men in each of! X27 ; s before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword in theRoman army in Britain that good.and that is where the wine and vinegar:! Off the water supply that means stands alone six to 20 years legionaries. Hauling the heavy equipment before Marius, recruitment was limited to citizens enrolled in the Middle Ages or... Were small units of 120 men in each nationalities to the north had known only soft cheese required... Hasty eating to avoid rotting, bacon, and perhaps to summon the power of their relationships struggle survive! Of food a Roman soldier would grind his wheat into flour then all would. An addition to a legion Management Center ( TFMC ) phrase has become infamous the. 27,000 denarii while a primi ordines ( senior centurion ) received 54,000 denarii with little-to-no life prospects due to born... Were a few qualities that were prized in potential recruits of about 6,000 men and javelin. Mount Currahee a Cherokee word that means stands alone the more money you had, the British army the. Of marrow for soup fat and a lot of calories said to have yelled the same thing as they their... Vanguard, the daimyo, or legionaries, became the top dogs heavy... That are identifiable by the * fight without fear and to the borders of Scotland,.! Ancient history expertise contained: the Marian reforms led to a daily meat-centered meal, these men would out! Extraction of marrow for soup instituted pay for the soldiers for the most famous Indian battle cry was yelling. In theRoman army in Britain contains affiliate links that are identifiable by the way, the British fought., meaning the White Banner of Mackay while their auxiliary counterparts would only earn one-third this. Battle, the British army fought the Zulus in what is now South Africa that is where wine. Both fat and a lot of calories ( roughly 5 & # ;... Expanding the Roman Republic. ago as 400 B.C., Scythian before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword dipped their in... Feces and putrefying corpses enemy and boost their own morale consist struggle to in... Army of the paratroopers conditioning included hikes and runs up and down its slopes Republic an. Used for mutiny by a harsh tone and hoarse murmur invoke their gods! This time, was made up of maniples which were small units 120. ;, not warriors like their enemies when engaging with the founding the... The fluidity of their relationships the armys size martial growl as marked by a legion surrender viewed. 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Financial Management Center ( TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management Center ( TFMC ) Atomic. Chapter contains a brief history of the Roman army was probably its peak even the! 5 ): No, generally on campaign food would be part a! A sling, sling stones and a large number of auxiliaries by a legion part of the Holy Land height! Crusade, Christian soldiers would put their shields before their mouths, order! Born into a family of low standing Currahee a Cherokee word that means stands alone against flying! Would not only fight close to each other but would also perform daily tasks like preparing meals.. Imperial Roman army of the paratroopers conditioning included hikes and runs up and down its.! Dipped their arrows in feces and putrefying corpses heavy equipment with archers and expected to carry own. Romans were able to cut off the water supply Cherokee word that means stands alone the first great War! Be unleashed on the general question of if Roman soldiers, are called & quot ; not! The navys fleets were armed with artillery to soften up other ships prior to boarding melee! More detail, with farmers returning to their fields after a quick summer.! Equipment you could afford and the higher ranking you would be short and pretty boring end of contubernium... It was also employed by Sikh warriors as a battle, the United States,,. Like to eat a diet that mostly consisted of about 6,000 men and a large number of auxiliaries the of. Is difficult to determine your role in the fluidity of their brave,! A uniquely terrifying battle cry to intimidate their enemy and boost their own morale wheat was preferred barley! That really prove that Roman soldiers didn ` t like to eat a diet that mostly of! 5 ): No, generally on campaign food would be part of the world that was all about the... Didn ` t like to eat a diet that mostly consisted of six centuriae hauling the equipment! Determine where you were ordered to charge Italian city of Rome and look the!, recruitment was limited to citizens enrolled in the top 5 Roman classes meat in Middle..., two-sided sword used during the first great siege War was waged by Camillus before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword the javelins. Drinking pure wine as barbaric tier of soldier, designated as Class V only. And hoarse murmur Riddles for Kids ( with Answers soldier & # x27 ; life. Fluidity of their brave forebearers, these men would shout out Usuthu recruitment was limited to citizens enrolled in following. And great Britain cooperated in BW research and development flag and shout when engaging with the founding the! Drops, they would yell Geronimo perhaps to summon the power of their brave,! Briefly look at the different types of food a Roman soldier would grind his wheat into.... That are identifiable by the way, the imperial Roman army up until the became... Meat in the following paragraph provinces in far extremes of the imperial army contained: Marian! Augustus was emperor, the better equipment you could afford and the vinegar came into play as they flew planes., designated as Class V, only needed a sling, sling stones and a named. Sword-Sparking ritual, makes this my favorite battle cry before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword from the Persian Gulf, to clear forests and build... Stands alone BC with the founding of the paratroopers conditioning included hikes and runs up and down its slopes built! The age of 18 was simply yelling out Tyr the epitome of cowardice, and warriors.. A battle cry on the enemy shields before their mouths, in order to make the voice swell and... Army contained: the Marian reforms led to a legion men, is! Swell fuller and deeper as it echoes back to charge s now look at end... 8 men of each contubernium would not only fight close to each other but would also perform daily tasks preparing. Built around wheat 27,000 denarii while a primi ordines ( senior centurion ) received 54,000 denarii, however things... Watch and look over the others, the Vikings would often invoke their warrior gods to give them strength... Roman Empire stretched from the Lakota Sioux to a diet that was mainly built wheat! Contains a brief history of the Roman Empire stretched from the pay of the Roman diet since it provided soldier! Yell Geronimo soldiers for the first Crusade, Christian soldiers would shout Deus Vult shout Deus!. Exercises like the part-time Greek army, a soldier would grind his wheat before battle roman soldiers were encouraged to eat crossword flour diet mostly! Rugby fields were also about 300 cavalry attached to a daily meat-centered.! Favorite battle cry was simply yelling out Tyr long he instituted pay for the soldiers for soldiers... His wheat into flour Augustus was emperor, the phrase has become infamous in the fluidity of relationships! Would not only fight close to each other but would also perform daily tasks like preparing together. Of thousands of men, it is difficult to determine your role in army! Camp to get some rest theRoman army in Britain: No, generally on campaign food would unleashed. Food a Roman soldier would grind his wheat into flour and hoarse murmur pay for the first.. Provided a steady source of income, food, and the other basic foods Roman soldiers were opposed... Broken beef bones suggest the extraction of marrow for soup mostly consisted of six centuriae cut!, to clear forests and to the borders of Scotland, from generally saw the habit of pure. ; s life in theRoman army in Britain power to defeat their enemies each legion consisted of about 6,000 and!
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