[, This study represents not only the first therapeutic use of phages for MABSC infection treatment but also the first use of engineered phages to obtain effective lytic phage derivatives. ; Wallin, W.A. 2.15 (i): Know the meaning of the terms: gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, recessive, dominant, codominance, homozygote and heterozygote This showed, in all cases, an improvement in the conditions, without significant side effects [, PT was used for the first time against mycobacteria in 2019 by Dedrick et al. A-Level Molecules & Cells, Cystic fibrosis Essays available here at Marked By Teachers. It affects organs in the body, particularly the lungs and digestive system, which become clogged with sticky mucus, making it difficult to breathe and digest food. Tes Global Ltd is ; Degiacomi, G.; Chiarelli, L.R. Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a single faulty gene that controls the movement of salt in the body [4]. Anversa Dimer, F.; de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz, C.; Goes, A.; Cirnski, K.; Herrmann, J.; Schmitt, V.; Patzold, L.; Abed, N.; De Rossi, C.; Bischoff, M.; et al. CFTR is a type of protein classified as an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter or traffic ATPase. 2.6 (ii): Understand the roles of the DNA template (antisense) strand in transcription, codons on messenger RNA and anticodons on transfer RNA It follows that the level of knowledge required to understand the mechanism of action of VFs in the pathogenesis process must be high, whereas in many cases this knowledge is lacking. ; writingreview and editing, D.R., G.S., D.L.G., A.S., L.R.C., G.D. and M.R.P. However, strange as it may seem, my real love is designing resources that can be used by other teachers to maximise the experience of the students. ; Chen, A.; Sack, M.; Pokorski, J.K.; et al. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. 3.20 (i): Phenotype is an interaction between genotype and the environment Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Garment fabrics. ; Zelazny, A.M. Antimicrobial peptides against drug resistant, Trentini, M.M. Cystic fibrosis genetics: From molecular understanding to clinical application. This shows a section through the cell membrane of a lining (epithelial) cell. First assessment: 2016. ; Ribeiro, M.P. Antibiotics to kill bacteria. * The structures of DNA and RNA Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: Epidemiological pattern in a reference laboratory and risk factors associated with pulmonary disease. Another strength of AVT is that this approach should keep the host microbiota healthy, lacking the undesirable side effects typical of antibiotic therapy [, Some limitations in the use of AVT are, however, to be expected. Due to the detail included in all of these lessons, it is estimated that it will take in excess of 2 months of allocated A-level teaching time to complete the teaching of the bundle - 30% success rate for women under 35 ; Rimkus, M.; Montgomery, F.; Lucas da Silva, J.; et al. ; Guerrero-Bustamante, C.A. Atalantia monophylla, Prismatomeris filamentosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Sterile Pancreas Inflammation during Preservation and after Transplantation, Electrical Remodeling in Right Ventricular Failure Due to Pulmonary Hypertension: Unraveling Novel Therapeutic Targets, Fragment-Based Drug Discovery against Mycobacteria: The Success and Challenges, New Drugs and Novel Strategies against Nontuberculous Mycobacteria 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. What are the 2 types of epithelial cells? She has fifteen years of experience teaching the Sciences at KS3 to KS5, and Psychology at A-Level. it could form part of an enzyme or a membrane transport protein, Because cystic fibrosis is determined by a, Mucus in the respiratory system is a necessary part of keeping the lungs healthy, It prevents infection by trapping microorganisms, This mucus is moved out of the respiratory tract by cilia, In people with cystic fibrosis, due to the faulty chloride ion channels, the, This means microorganisms are not efficiently removed from the lungs and lung infections occur more frequently, Thick mucus in the digestive system can cause issues because, Digestion of some food may be reduced and therefore, Mucus is normally secreted in the reproductive system to prevent infection and regulate the progress of sperm through the reproductive tract after sexual intercourse, The mucus in people with cystic fibrosis can cause issues in both men and women. Lederberg, J. ; Young, L.; Baldwin, S.L. * The nature of the genetic code For 2.14 (i): Understand how errors in DNA replication can give rise to mutations (substitution, insertion and deletion of bases) * Structure and properties of cell membranes 3.12: Understand how cells become specialised through differential gene expression, producing active mRNA leading to synthesis of proteins, which in turn control cell processes or determine cell structure in animals and plants, including the lac operon CFTR regulates phagosome acidification in macrophages and alters bactericidal activity. ; Gomes, M.S. ; Otto, M. Different drugs for bad bugs: Antivirulence strategies in the age of antibiotic resistance. A-level Biology) This lesson bundle contains 16 lessons which have been designed to cover the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification points which focus on the structure of DNA and RNA, their roles in replication and protein synthesis, and genetics and inheritance. This website and its content is subject to our Terms and Everything that you need to pass A-level Biology. This website and its content is subject to our Terms and 2.15 (ii): Understand the implications of prenatal genetic screening * The structure and properties of cell membranes 1) Chloride ions are pumped into the epithelial cell causing a concentration gradient and the CFTR channel protein opens. movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Fick's law the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the thickness of the gas exchange surface surfactant a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface of the alveolus dipeptide * The process of transcription and translation Cara is passionate about Biology and creating resources that bring the subject alive and deepen students' understanding, Gene duplication is an important mechanism by which, This gene codes for the production of chloride ion channels required for secretion of sweat, mucus and digestive juices, A mutation in the CFTR gene leads to production of, The result is that the body produces large amounts of, The CFTR gene is large and a mutation in any part of the gene can cause cystic fibrosis, Around 1000 different mutations that can lead to cystic fibrosis have been identified, though some only occur very rarely, All of the mutations that cause cystic fibrosis are recessive, and can block airways which limits gas exchange. Unbeatable support throughout the qualification. 2.6 (i): Understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription) including the role of RNA polymerase, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes and the role of start and stop codons Background information I would give to the student: This question is a perfect example which shows that if you really understand the topic, it becomes easier to remember the facts for the questions relating to it. Formerly called mucoviscidosis, CF is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator) gene. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. People who have cystic fibrosis have a faulty protein that affects the body's cells, tissues, and the glands that make mucus and sweat. Physics Aqa Empa 2018 Paper corgov de. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054635, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. in 2013 reported an MIC of 25 g/mL against, More specific research analyses 22 pure compounds extracted from different parts of 4 medicinal plants (, All the reported studies indicate that plants and fungi are still nowadays a source with a huge potential for discovering new molecules that are effective in fighting, In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the latest findings on innovative therapies against, For some of the strategies described, positive results have been obtained at the early pre-clinical stages, and it is hoped that these will form the basis for developing these strategies and confirming their efficacy in vivo so that they can reach the clinical trial stage. 3.8 (ii): The linkage of genes on a chromosome and sex linkage Banaschewski, B.; Verma, D.; Pennings, L.J. ; et al. ; Bilton, D.; Corris, P.; Gibson, R.L. * Understand how the rate of diffusion can be calculated using Fick's Law of Diffusion If these infections are not treated early and properly, they can be very difficult to treat or even cause death [5]. * The nature of the genetic code However, strange as it may seem, my real love is designing resources that can be used by other teachers to maximise the experience of the students. Randomised phase II trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL/CAELYX) versus doxorubicin in the treatment of advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. It affects about 1 person in 2000. - Further stress if other genetic abnormalities found ; Goncalves, J.C.; Trentini, M.M. You seem to have javascript disabled. Effects of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor therapy on CFTR function in patients with cystic fibrosis and one or two F508del alleles. Griffith, D.E. Genetic screening can be used to test for the Abdelaal, H.F.M. Daley, C.L. Edexcel GCE Biology Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health Tuesday 12 January 2010 - Morning Time: 1 hour 30 minutes . * Errors in DNA replication give rise to mutations Goetz, D.M. About 1 in 22 of the white population in the UK have the CF mutation on one of the pair of number 7 chromosomes. Cystic fibrosis makes peoples lifes harder because it not curable at the moment, you can use medication to stop the pain of Cystic Fibrosis. Di, A.; Brown, M.E. Wright, A.; Hawkins, C.H. Antimycobacterial activity of a new peptide polydim-i isolated from neotropical social wasp, Silva, J.C.; Neto, L.M. Chalmers, J.D. 2.11: Understand the nature of the genetic code Miller, C.; Miller, M.; McMullin, B.; Regev, G.; Serghides, L.; Kain, K.; Road, J.; Av-Gay, Y. 2.13 (i): understand the process of protein synthesis (transcription and translation), including the role of RNA polymerase, translation, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomes and the role of start and stop codons If these infections are not treated early and properly, they can be very difficult to treat or even cause death [5], Digestive systemCystic fibrosis also affects the digestive system. Hours and hours of planning have gone into each and every lesson that's included in this bundle to ensure that the students are engaged and motivated whilst the detailed content of topic 2 of the Edexcel International A-level Biology specification is covered. - can lead to designer babies Thank you for such detailed feedback and really pleased to hear that this is the second time you've purchased some of my resources and been very happy! [, Therefore, being as this preliminary evidence very promising, it is advisable to continue to study the use of NO as an alternative strategy to treat, Phage therapy (PT) represents an old idea which has acquired renewed importance thanks to the successful recent case reports, where antibiotic-resistant lung infections in CF people were treated [, PT refers to the use of phages to fight bacterial infections. 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